1.  Introduction

The 21st century has observed a revolutionary change in human lifestyle, especially in medical health, propelled by the swift progress of technology. Innovative technologies are arising continuously, presenting new possibilities for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Among these, wearable devices have emerged as convenient personal health monitoring tools in the medical field. These devices are notable for their light weight, flexibility, and comfort, allowing for long-term wear on different body parts like the wrist, chest, and head. With the backing of smartphone applications or cloud platforms, these sensors can effectively manage and accurately analyze the collected data. Consequently, this greatly improves the convenience and accuracy of health monitoring.

Traditional healthcare models were built on periodic hospital or clinic visits for health monitoring [1]. This method was both time-consuming and patient-unfriendly, as it couldn't offer uninterrupted, long-term tracking of physiological conditions, thus falling short of modern health management needs. Wearable devices, though, present a cutting-edge alternative. They enable real-time, ongoing surveillance of physiological indicators, offering data-driven support for early disease detection and prevention. Recently, wearable technology has advanced significantly by combining multisensor components with wireless communication. This lets people monitor their physiological parameters in real-time during daily activities. The devices are lightweight, pliable, and comfortable, allowing for easy long-term wear on various body parts.

Physical sensors track parameters like temperature, pressure, and bioelectric signals, offering insights into physiological conditions. Chemical sensors analyze body fluids such as sweat, saliva, and interstitial fluid to reveal metabolic activities and disease markers. Microfluidic devices merge these sensing modalities, handling and testing tiny fluid volumes with precision and speed. These technological integrations have enhanced diagnostic accuracy and monitoring convenience, advancing personalized medicine and offering robust health protection.

This article is organized in the following manner: Initially, it provides an introduction to the background and importance of wearable devices. Then, it reviews the development of physical sensors and their applications in health monitoring. Next, it discusses the rise of chemical sensors and their non-invasive monitoring capabilities. After that, it covers the working principles and advantages of microfluidic technology. Finally, it summarizes the cutting-edge technology and development trends in wearable devices and looks ahead to future research directions.

2.  Wearable physical sensors: the foundation of real-time health monitoring

2.1. Necessity and advantages of wearable physical sensors

As chronic disease rates rise and the population ages, demand for health management and disease prevention is growing. Wearable physical sensors have become a key technology for real-time, continuous, and non-invasive physiological parameter monitoring [2]. These advanced sensors integrate diverse sensing elements and wireless communication technologies, enabling unobtrusive real-time physiological monitoring. They are lightweight, flexible, and comfortable for long-term wear on various body parts such as the wrist, chest, and head. Additionally, they efficiently manage and analyze collected data via smartphones or cloud platforms, greatly enhancing the convenience and accuracy of health monitoring.

The skin, the body's largest organ, contains various biological signals such as temperature, bioelectric signals, electrolytes, and metabolites, which reflect health status and are crucial for early disease diagnosis and prevention. Wearable physical sensors track these physiological signals, playing a pivotal role in health management [3]. Take wearable temperature sensors for example, they monitor skin temperature variations to reveal blood flow efficiency. Meanwhile, wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors oversee the heart's electrical patterns around the clock, supplying crucial data to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk and trigger timely interventions.

2.2. Wearable physical sensors: measurement techniques and application contexts

Biointegrated wearable sensors serve as key instruments for detecting these biological signals, utilizing diverse techniques tailored to physiological metrics [4, 5]. Temperature measurement uses thermistors or thermocouples. Thermistors convert temperature into electrical signals through resistance changes, while thermocouples generate electrical potential differences due to temperature differences between two metals. Bioelectric signal measurement uses electrode patches to pick up weak electrical signals from the skin, like those from the heart and brain, and sends them to processing units for boosting, cleaning up, and studying the signals. Electrolyte measurement uses electrochemical methods to determine sweat electrolyte concentrations. These sensors use special electrodes that react with specific ions for precise measurement. Metabolite measurement employs enzyme electrodes or ion-selective electrodes to detect metabolites in sweat, such as lactate and glucose. Enzyme electrodes generate measurable electrical signals through specific reactions with metabolites, enabling quantification.

These measurement methods have broad applications in disease diagnosis, health management, and personalized treatment. For instance, monitoring skin moisture helps identify skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis; tracking heart rate and blood pressure aids in timely issue detection and early intervention; and tailoring treatment plans based on individual biological signal changes can improve outcomes and reduce side effects.

2.3. Innovation and development of novel biosignal monitoring technologies

Recently, many new biological signal monitoring technologies have emerged. Graphene sensors stand out for their high sensitivity and excellent biocompatibility. They have enormous potential in monitoring glucose levels in sweat. For example, a new graphene-based sensor has been developed. It can detect glucose in sweat with high precision. The device offers a promising alternative to traditional finger-prick glucose testing, reducing pain and inconvenience for diabetics during monitoring [6]. Graphene has a very high electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, flexibility (can be stretched to over 30% of its original length without losing conductivity) and high thermal conductivity. These properties give it excellent mechanical stability and heat dissipation management in flexible electronic devices [7]. These excellent physical and chemical properties make graphene very promising in the field of wearable devices. For example, it can be used to make transparent, flexible and stretchable electrodes, as well as sensors for detecting various biomarkers (such as glucose, lactic acid and chloride in sweat) [8, 9]. By combining graphene with materials like gold nanowires or using chemical functionalization, its electrical conductivity and mechanical properties can be further enhanced. At the same time, its stability in biological fluids can be improved, and non-specific adsorption of biomolecules can be reduced [10].

Nanotechnology-based sensors can provide more accurate monitoring of sweat metabolites and other biomarkers. Their unique physical and chemical properties, like high specific surface areas and superior reactivity, enable more precise and sensitive detection of biological signals. Currently,scholars have developed a nano sensor array that can simultaneously discern multiple biomarkers in sweat. This advancement enables the preliminary detection of various health conditions by capturing and analyzing these biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity.

Furthermore, researchers have developed multimodal monitoring systems that integrate various sensor technologies, enabling the assessment of a wide range of physiological parameters, such as ECG, blood pressure, and blood oxygen levels, to provide a comprehensive view of one's health. A newly introduced multimodal wearable sensor system is capable of monitoring several physiological parameters, including ECG, respiratory rate, and body temperature. This system offers an all-encompassing evaluation of an individual's health status, aiding in the early identification of potential health issues and promoting personalized healthcare approaches.

Graphene is amazing, but it's expensive to produce on a large scale, which has slowed down its use in wearable devices. Also, how stable it is in humid conditions and whether its composite materials are biocompatible need more research. We must ensure it works well and is safe long-term. Future research will focus on solving these problems so that graphene-based wearable devices can be widely used in healthcare.

3. Wearable chemical sensors: a new pathway for non-invasive monitoring of chemical substances in the body

3.1. The present state of wearable chemical sensors

Recently, wearable chemical sensors, a pivotal subset of wearable electronics, have made remarkable progress. They can adhere closely to the body and monitor internal chemical substances in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner in real-time [11]. This caters to the increasing need for personalized medical care and health management. It also propels sensor technology application in healthcare, sports science, and environmental monitoring.

Let's retrace the development path. Wearable chemical sensors have evolved from the downsizing of conventional large-scale analytical instruments. Driven by material innovation and microfabrication, they can now identify particular chemicals in body fluids such as sweat, saliva, and interstitial fluid. In chronic disease management, they reduce the pain of frequent blood draws. Athletes also benefit from real-time physical feedback for better training. However, the technology faces challenges like ensuring accuracy, stability, and reliability in complex biological settings, and solving non-invasive detection, infection risks, hygiene, and skin adhesion issues. These are now key research focuses [12].

3.2. Construction and features of wearable platforms

Creating platforms for wearable chemical sensors is essential for ensuring their functionality. Epidermal sensors, designed to be flexible or stretchable, can conform to the softness and curvature of the skin while maintaining robust mechanical strength. Take screen-printing technology for example, which can produce epidermal sensors for real-time analysis of sweat pH and lactate biomarkers. These sensor platforms are comfortable and offer stable adhesion during movement.

Battery-free wearable electrochemical sweat sensors are another crucial platform. Relying on passive RFID and NFC tech, they harness radio frequency energy to obtain and send measurement data. This design eliminates the need for a complex power supply during exercise, reduces device size and weight, and enhances wearability.

Tear fluid sensor platforms can continuously monitor multiple biologically significant biomarkers in tears. Saliva sensor platforms leverage saliva's accessibility and rich information content to quickly detect markers related to physical activity. Interstitial fluid (ISF) sensor platforms are highly attractive for biomedical applications due to their blood-like composition. Microneedle puncture devices can gently and painlessly penetrate the skin's outer layer to create a simple wearable device for monitoring health markers in the fluid beneath the skin.

3.3. Chemical methods and applications

Wearable chemical sensors use various chemical methods for monitoring internal chemical substances. For quick, real-time monitoring, amperometric sensors measure changes in current at a predetermined voltage. Voltammetric sensors check how current changes when the voltage is adjusted, helping to identify what substances are present and how much of them there is, which is important for both identifying and measuring chemicals [13]. Potentiometric sensors measure specific ion concentrations via the potential difference across a special membrane. Energy-harvesting sensors use energy from biological fluids to power other electrochemical sensors or serve as self-powered sensors. Affinity sensors, such as antibody sensors, rely on the specific interactions between antibodies and antigens to accurately identify biomarkers in complex biological fluids.

These chemical methods have broad applications in medical health monitoring, sports fitness, environmental monitoring, and daily life assistance. For example, glucose monitoring patches reduce the inconvenience of frequent blood draws, providing continuous glucose data for better blood sugar control and diabetes complication prevention. Some wearable devices can monitor real-time lactate levels to help athletes optimize training plans based on their physical condition, avoid overtraining injuries, and provide auxiliary information for certain diseases related to lactic acidosis. Wearable alcohol monitoring devices can track alcohol consumption for individuals charged with drunk driving, offering a more convenient and real-time method to improve road safety management. By monitoring electrolytes and lactate in sweat, individuals can comprehensively assess their physical condition and exercise performance [14, 15]. Wearable cortisol monitoring devices help athletes understand their stress levels, allowing them to arrange training and rest times reasonably, improve exercise performance, and promote physical and mental health. For special occupational groups like firefighters, wearable devices can monitor the concentration of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, providing timely exposure information in hazardous environments like fire rescue operations to ensure personal safety and smooth rescue work. Devices like AirU can monitor air pollutants such as PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds, helping the public understand air quality, providing health references for daily activities and outdoor exercise, and reminding people to take protective measures. Wearable devices can also track common allergens like pollen and dust mites, providing real-time information for people with allergies so they can take protective steps such as wearing masks and staying away from allergen-dense places to alleviate allergy symptoms. Additionally, some wearable devices can monitor chemical substances in drinking water or swimming pool water to ensure water quality safety, such as detecting residual chlorine and heavy metal ion concentrations to guarantee the quality of daily drinking and recreational water.

From simple epidermal sensors to complex interstitial fluid sensors, and from basic amperometric sensors to advanced affinity sensors, wearable chemical sensors continuously deepen in technology and application. Their application scope expands from medical health to sports fitness, environmental monitoring, and daily life assistance, offering more convenient and comprehensive health monitoring solutions for people.

4. Application of microfluidic technology in wearable devices: integration of physical and chemical sensing

4.1. Principles and advantages of microfluidic technology

In recent years, wearable devices have become increasingly prevalent in daily life. As a key enabling technology, microfluidics has demonstrated significant potential in advancing wearable device technology.

Microfluidic technology delivers unique advantages for wearable devices [16]. First, its remarkable mechanical and adhesive properties ensure secure skin contact and reliable sample collection during intricate movements. Second, the micro-channels and structures allow for fast and accurate measurements with minimal sample volumes, boosting efficiency and enabling multiple tests. Moreover, the high integration of microfluidic technology facilitates seamless combination with electrodes, chemical sensors, or biosensors. This integration enables multifunctionality and simultaneous sample collection, processing, and analysis, greatly streamlining the detection process.

These benefits position microfluidic tech as a key driver for wearable device development. It plays a pivotal role in advancing precise health monitoring and personalized medical treatment. Also, it boosts the viability of wearable devices for health signal tracking and paves the way for innovative uses in medical diagnosis and human-computer interaction.

4.2. Basic functions and application scenarios of microfluidic technology

Microfluidic technology has enabled minimally or non-invasive methods for sample collection, processing, and storage. It uses capillary forces and natural pressure to gather body fluids such as sweat, interstitial fluid, saliva, and tears. Due to its miniaturized design, it requires a smaller sample volume per collection compared to conventional methods.

The high integration of microfluidic tech allows for sample analysis. Microfluidic channels are frequently paired with electrodes, chemical sensors, or biosensors to conduct analysis. Compared with conventional systems, microfluidic detectors exhibit enhanced sensitivity, better signal to noise ratios, and quicker response times.

Colourimetric sensing is widely used in wearable microfluidic devices for its ability to rapidly indicate sample types and concentrations, aiding digital analysis. These devices often feature circular, winding channels lined with colour-changing reagents. When sweat interacts with these reagents, it triggers a colour shift depending on specific biomarkers such as chloride, hydrogen ions, glucose and lactate. Techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy and optical imaging then measure these changes to determine precise concentrations. Beyond simple analysis, these microfluidic systems can perform complex tasks such as counting cells or particles and monitoring biomolecules in real-time.

Microfluidic technology has various basic functions, such as signal conversion/amplification, mechanical perception, and power supply [17]. For instance, a microfluidic flow sensor with two electrodes can measure very low flow rates. A liquid sample forms a capillary bridge between the electrodes, completing the circuit and generating current. Then, strong capillary action breaks the bridge, starting the process again and turning weak flow signals into strong electrical ones.

In the field of mechanical perception, liquid-based microfluidic tactile sensing devices offer effective solutions for high-sensitivity detection. Traditional liquid-based microfluidic strain sensors encapsulate working liquid within microfluidic channels. External loads or strains cause displacement of the working liquid within the microfluidic channels, thereby changing the device's capacitance or resistance, depending on the type of working liquid. For example, a liquid-based microfluidic tactile sensor that uses an oxidized graphene nanosuspension as its working liquid can detect minute changes caused by the movements of hand muscles.

In terms of powering wearable electronic devices, traditional button batteries lack flexibility and adaptability and are not suitable for specific environments such as underwater. Microfluidic technology can create fibers with a large surface area and even holes by using special spinning techniques, which improves their ability to conduct electricity [18].

4.3. Application of microfluidic wearable devices in physiological signal monitoring

In the field of wearable sensing, sweat is one of the easily accessible and continuously obtainable targets. Sweat, secreted by sweat glands distributed on the skin, contains various components such as glucose, electrolytes, lactate, hormones, enzymes, etc. [19]. Some of these components serve as natural biomarkers, reflecting the health status of the individual [20].

For example, sweat chloride concentration is a widely accepted tool for screening cystic fibrosis. Additionally, sweat regulates body temperature based on environmental factors and physiological conditions [21]. Insufficient sweating can lead to life-threatening heatstroke, which is one of the main causes of death in young people [22].

Wearable sweat monitoring devices utilizing microfluidic technology address two major issues: easily collecting sweat in various environments and rapidly measuring multiple factors simultaneously. Microfluidic technology effectively solves the first problem with its excellent non-invasive capability. For instance, a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) sealed microfluidic system creates a waterproof epidermal microfluidic device. This device has superior mechanical properties, enhancing its stretchability, flexibility, and torsional resistance, allowing it to function normally even after being immersed in water for several hours.

Moreover, microfluidic wearable sensing devices also show advantages in solving the second problem. For example, a soft, skin-compatible digital sweat monitoring microfluidic device can quantify sweat conductivity and flow rate in real-time and wirelessly transmit data to electronic devices via near-field communication technology.

Interstitial fluid, located beneath the skin surface and filling the tissue gaps, can be easily and non-invasively obtained from the skin surface through techniques such as iontophoresis or ultrasound. Its composition is very close to that of blood, containing salts, proteins, glucose, ethanol, and other substances. Some biomarkers in interstitial fluid reflect the physiological state of the blood. For example, interstitial fluid glucose levels are closely related to blood glucose concentrations, aiding in the health monitoring of diabetic patients. Many studies focus on using minimally invasive or non-invasive devices to monitor interstitial fluid biomarkers such as H₂O₂, pH, lactate, glucose, and ethanol.

In addition to sweat and interstitial fluid, other biological fluids, including tears, saliva, and blood, also hold significant clinical diagnostic value due to the numerous biomarkers they contain that reflect physiological conditions. For example, tears contain various physiological and chemical components that can be easily monitored continuously, non-invasively, and in real time. Diabetes can affect the production, composition, and environment of tears. Saliva, as an easily accessible non-invasive biological fluid sample, is useful for detecting the presence of drugs and monitoring oral health. Microfluidic devices can also non-invasively quantify cell counts or flow rates in saliva. Blood, the most mature diagnostic sample, contains pathological biomarkers such as glucose, anticoagulants, and cancer cells. Blood component analysis typically involves invasive sampling. For example, the plasma concentration of human leukocyte elastase is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Microfluidic technology can also be applied to blood sensing.

Skin temperature is an important physiological indicator related to cardiovascular health, cognitive state, bodily lesions, and tumor malignancy. In certain cases, such as neonates or anesthetized patients, long-term real-time temperature monitoring is required in clinical medicine. Traditional contact thermometers, such as mercury thermometers, are not suitable or convenient for infants. Emerging non-contact infrared thermometers, although rapidly developing, have unstable measurement accuracy due to environmental influences and are difficult to focus on local temperature monitoring. Flexible wearable microfluidic temperature devices offer a promising solution to this problem. The development of numerous epidermal temperature sensors has led to their growing significance in disease diagnosis and temperature-related human medical care.

The moisture content of the skin, especially the stratum corneum, is responsible for maintaining its smoothness and softness. Improper skin moisture content can lead to eczema, atopic dermatitis, and accelerated skin aging. Accurate quantification of skin moisture content is of great significance for preventing skin-related diseases and maintaining appearance. Researchers have proposed several commercial non-invasive methods for characterizing skin moisture content. The manufacture of many devices relies on the correlation between the electrical or thermal parameters of biological tissues and moisture content. For example, a moisture sensor with a special serpentine electrode design has been developed and installed on a soft fabric system to check skin moisture content using photolithography.

4.4. Microfluidic-based clinical diagnosis

A key challenge in disease treatment lies in delivering drugs to specific locations and achieving controlled dosing and on-demand release. For example, deafness is a common disease among the elderly, and treatment is relatively difficult due to the cochlear barrier and the delicate anatomy of the inner ear. Efforts have been made to deliver drugs to the middle ear to reach the round window membrane and enhance treatment efficacy. However, these methods depend on passive drug diffusion, which is slow and unpredictable. Similar issues occur in treating ocular diseases like dry eye syndrome, cataracts, and glaucoma. To address these challenges, experts have developed portable and wearable drug delivery devices based on microfluidics. For example, a wearable or implantable device with a tiny pump and a drug reservoir can dispense medications to the inner ear, achieving controlled and automated drug administration. The device uses physiological indicators like glutamate receptor antagonists to demonstrate its on-demand drug management capabilities.

As fitness and medical needs grow, wearable tech development draws more attention. Microfluidic-based wearables shine for their potential. Usually made of elastic polymers, they ensure good body contact. With low material and production costs, they're suitable for single-use scenarios. Microfluidic tech is scalable and can be easily integrated with electronic devices, biosensors, or chemical sensors to perform tasks like motion tracking and health monitoring. For instance, skin-attachable microfluidic wearables can collect and analyze sweat for sports research or real-time physiological monitoring. Elastomers also make them waterproof, enabling use in extreme conditions like running, cycling, or swimming.

As informatization and AI advance, human-computer interaction gains importance. It requires converting human signals (voice, gestures, touch) into electronic signals and wirelessly transmitting them to devices. Researchers have converted gesture language into digital signals. For instance, gloves with carbon particles in fluorinated elastomers, combined with digitizers, microcontrollers, and Bluetooth transceivers, can wirelessly translate American Sign Language letters into computer or smartphone text. Microfluidic-based wearables could achieve this more cost-effectively. Microfluidic tactile membrane pressure sensors can convert pressure changes into voltage signals, enabling high-sensitivity output variations. When touching or grasping objects, embedded PDMS gloves can send tactile info to smart devices. Though letter conversion limitations remain, further development is promising [23].

5.  Challenges and future directions

The development of wearable devices faces several challenges in practical applications, including sensor accuracy, stability, non-invasive detection, and device comfort [24]. Future research should focus on the following key areas to promote the practical development of wearable devices:

Firstly, to enhance sensor performance, future research should explore new materials and improve manufacturing methods. This will ensure higher sensor stability and accuracy in complex biological environments. For example, developing biocompatible and conductive materials can improve sensor durability in harsh conditions like sweat and moisture. Additionally, advanced nanofabrication techniques can enhance sensor precision and sensitivity for more accurate physiological parameter detection.

Secondly, advancing more effective non-invasive detection methods is key to reducing patient discomfort. Researchers ought to explore innovative methods like optical and capacitive sensing. These can decrease tissue damage and discomfort during detection, while offering continuous, real-time monitoring of physiological parameters. Moreover, developing multi-parameter monitoring and data analysis tech is a major future research direction. By integrating various sensor technologies, multiple body functions and chemical levels can be monitored simultaneously. This all-encompassing approach provides more detailed and well-rounded health status information. For example, combining ECG sensors with blood glucose sensors can offer insights into both cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Data privacy and cybersecurity are also critical issues. As wearable devices collect and transmit sensitive health data, powerful data encryption and safe communication protocols are crucial for protecting user privacy. Researchers, developers, and cybersecurity experts can work together to apply advanced encryption techniques and set up secure data transmission channels. Creating user authentication mechanisms and access control systems can also help prevent unauthorized access to personal health information.

Energy consumption and power harvesting are crucial for wearable device sustainability. Future research should center on enhancing energy efficiency through low-power circuit design and algorithm optimization. Exploring new power harvesting methods, such as turning mechanical or thermal energy from the human body into electricity, can offer a sustainable power source, lessen reliance on traditional batteries, and boost device longevity.

Lastly, tackling regulatory and clinical-application challenges is vital for integrating wearable devices into healthcare systems. Cooperation between researchers, regulatory agencies, and healthcare providers is needed to set clear guidelines and standards for clinical wearable-device use. Rigorous testing of device accuracy and reliability is essential to ensure effectiveness in real-world clinical settings. Developing standardized evaluation frameworks can also aid in assessing wearable-device performance and speed up their clinical adoption.

6.  Conclusion

This paper delves into the cutting-edge technology and current state of intelligent wearable devices, with a focus on wearable physical, chemical sensors, and microfluidic technology [25]. By thoroughly analyzing these key technologies and their applications, it emphasizes the significant role and bright future of wearable devices in health management, disease prevention, and personalized healthcare.

In the realm of wearable physical sensors, the article explains how these sensors measure parameters such as temperature, bioelectric signals, electrolytes, and metabolites. It emphasizes the importance of emerging biosignal monitoring technologies in disease diagnosis, health management, and personalized treatment. Physical sensors provide strong support for early disease warning and intervention by monitoring physiological parameters in real-time. The emergence of graphene sensors, nanotechnology, and multimodal monitoring systems has further enhanced the performance and application range of physical sensors.

Wearable chemical sensors monitor chemical substances inside the human body in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner, catering to the needs of personalized medical care and health management. The article analyzes the construction of chemical sensor platforms and their use of various chemical methods to achieve precise detection of multiple biomarkers. These sensors have extensive applications in medical health monitoring, from glucose and lactate monitoring to alcohol monitoring. They provide crucial data support for disease diagnosis and management.

This emerging wearable technology, microfluidics, integrates physical and chemical sensing advantages. By managing micro-scale fluids, it enables high-sensitivity, high-throughput biological sample detection. The article details key microfluidic functions: sample collection, processing, storage, analysis, signal conversion/amplification, mechanical perception, and power supply. It highlights microfluidic devices in physiological signal monitoring like sweat/interstitial fluid analysis and skin temperature/humidity monitoring. Additionally, it explores microfluidics in medical testing/treatment, drug storage/delivery, sports performance assessment, and human-computer interaction, emphasizing its role in precision and personalized medicine.

Smart wearable device tech is revolutionizing healthcare, creating new opportunities in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The three pillars-wearable physical sensors, chemical sensors, and microfluidic technology-each have unique advantages and broad prospects. Their integration boosts the accuracy and convenience of disease monitoring, while promoting personalized medicine and all-around health protection.

In the coming 5-10 years, intelligent wearables are projected to advance significantly with superior sensing and data-processing capabilities. They are set to become a mainstay in everyday healthcare. By enabling constant real-time physiological monitoring, they will be pivotal in disease prevention and management, delivering personalized health insights.

Moreover, the combination of wearables with artificial intelligence and big data analytics will enable better predictive analytics and early intervention. This will allow wearables to provide more precise health assessments and risk predictions, encouraging proactive health management.

In summary, intelligent wearable devices are in a rapid development phase. Through continuous innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration, they are expected to play an increasingly important role in healthcare, contributing significantly to human health and well-being. The near future will likely see these technologies mature, achieving precision medicine and personalized health, and adding vitality to global healthcare.