Volume 3

PD-L1 is an immune protein in human body that can play an important role in cancer immunotherapy. By binding to antibodies, the binding activity of PD-L1 and PD-1 is blocked, which in turn inhibits cancer cells. Thus the structure of PD-L1 is very important in studying the binding of antibodies to it. However, experimental methods to solve the structures of PD- L1 and numerous complexes are expensive and consuming. Thus, it is essential to exploit computational methods to help biologists figure out the structures and the underlying mechanisms. In this paper, we explore whether AlphaFold2 is able to accurately predict the structure of PD-L1 and whether we can use AlphaFold2 to capture the binding sites of PD-L1 when binding to different antibodies. Our results show that AlphaFold2 has high confident scores and accuracy in predicting the structure of PD-L1 and the binding sites with atezolizumab and durvalumab. For the interaction between PD-L1 and the antibodies, AlphaFold2 can capture most of the hydrogen bonds as well as the salt bridges. Our work suggests that AlphaFold2 can not only be used as a tool to predict the structure of proteins, but also serves as a useful tool for antibody discovery, e.g. providing high-quality predicted structures for downstreaming docking, which brings new hope for drug discovery.

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Lower limb exoskeleton has been proven to be effective in gait training and locomotion assistance. Specifically, control strategies of exoskeletons play the most important role in safe and effective interaction between the user, the exoskeleton, and the environment. In this paper, an analysis on the control strategies of hip exoskeletons and exosuits is performed. The controls are divided into three levels: high, medium, and low. The definition of high-level control as well as the corresponding control methods are listed and the principle of each is explained. Then, the mid-level control section is divided between detection and action layer and each control that belongs to one of the two categories is analyzed. The definition of low-level control and its control methods are then explained. At last, according to the results of various studies, the advantages and potential disadvantages of each method are put forward. The purpose of this paper is to provide reference and guidance for future researchers who hope to develop new controls or improve existing control strategies for hip exoskeletons and exosuits.

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Globally, nearly one-sixth of deaths are caused by cancer. Cancer raise wide attention from the researcher in recent years, chemotherapy is the main cancer treatment, but chemotherapy has many side effects, the common effects are weight loss, hair loss, and figure. These side effects will bring many pains for patients, as result, sciences made a research to reduce the suffering for patients. In this article, the research method of archival research is used to retrieve the relevant research on the side effects of chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. By reviewing the previous literature on chemotherapy, we can understand the history, classification, and mechanism of chemotherapy. Through the relevant research on chemical side effects and side effect adjuvant therapy, the following conclusions can be drawn. The common side effects of chemotherapy are bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal adverse reactions, neutrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and easily overlooked taste change. The adjuvant treatments are Chinese herbal therapy, physical therapy, trace element therapy, and psychological therapy. It provides a basis for future medical researchers to study the side effects and auxiliary treatment of chemotherapy, and non-medical researchers can have a clear understanding of chemotherapy. At the same time, it provides a research direction of possibility and increases the interest for my future study.

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This research explored the difference between Chinese Yanbian yellow Beef and Simmental Beef in nutrients, meat quality and flavor, aimed at providing a basis for the development of Chinese Yanbian yellow cattle resources. Eight Chinese Yanbian yellow cattle and eight Simmental cattle were selected in this experiment. All the experimental cattle were fenced to 30 months of age under the same feeding conditions and slaughtered to determine the quality and flavor substance content of beef. The results showed that the contents of crude protein, ether extract and various amino acids in Chinese Yanbian yellow beef were significantly higher than those in Simmental beef (P<0.05). The shear force of Chinese Yanbian yellow beef was significantly lower than that of Simmental beef (P<0.05). The results of Gas chromatography. mass spectrometry (GC-MS) also showed that the kinds of flavor substances in Chinese Yanbian yellow beef were more than those in Simmental beef. In conclusion, the nutritional level and flavor of Chinese Yanbian yellow beef are better than those of Simmental beef. In conclusion, the nutritional level and flavor of Chinese Yanbian yellow beef are better than those of Simmental beef.

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Spontaneous thought is a cognitive process that ubiquitously happens in daily life. Humans spend 30-50% of their lives in spontaneous thinking, but the impact and consequence of spontaneous thought have not been widely studied in cognitive neuroscience. It is crucial to expand the research involving spontaneous thought since it benefits human's memory encoding and decision-making abilities. This review has two main aims: the first is to explore the cognitive impact of goal-directed and spontaneous thought; the second is to discover the benefits of spontaneous thought to humans. This paper concludes that spontaneous thought has the role of improving memory encoding and facilitating future planning.

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Alzheimer’s disease is a major degenerative disease characterized by impaired memory, aphasia, apraxia and the changes of personality and behavior. As the population ages, the incidence of AD is increasing. According to an analysis of 10000 people with up to 30 years of follow-up data, elderly over 55 years old, the risk of dementia increased nearly four- fold if they have three or more chronic diseases at the age of 55. The pathogenesis of AD has not been fully studied, a lot of mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal metabolic are related to the pathology of AD. The abnormal deposition of Aβ and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein are identified mechanism of AD. Finding new drugs for AD has always been a research hotpot, preclinical work of new anti-AD drugs is being carried out on a large scale in the world. However, in all types of new developing drugs for AD, the failure rate is about 99%. The drugs approved to treat AD such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate receptor antagonists, only slow symptoms other than change the progression of this disease. Deep researches are required to study the pathogenesis of AD, developing drugs that can reverse the progression is the key to the treatment for AD. This review introduces new developing therapy and potential targets of future research into treatments of AD.

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Brain tumors are difficult to be totally cured , and also associated with high rates of mortality and morbidty, therefore the therapy is always a hot issue.This review introduces glioma treatment techniques through literature summarization and qualitative analysis. According to the data, technologies that can improve median survival and potentially substitute contemporary techniques during the treatment, including photon therapy, and hyperthermia. Moreover, some techniques can improve the accuracy and safety of surgical, such as Intraoperative Neuromonitoring and Neuronavigation During Resection. Other treatment methods, such as gene therapy and immunotherapy, are feasible based on their principles. However, their current effects have not reached expectations, so they are not widely used at this stage, and further innovation and experimental proof are needed.

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This article discussed three aspects of autoimmune disease, including mechanism, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. Molecular mimicry and dual T cell receptor are two systems of the mechanism. Genetic susceptibility is depending on the environment and polymorphism. Lastly, the environmental factors rely on latitude, industrial development, and gender bias. This article provides a review of autoimmune disease which can help the researchers to further understand the basic information.

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Ischemic stroke is one of the biggest health concerns nowadays, leading to nonnegligible disability and mortality in its patients. During its pathological development, resident microglia in the central nervous system play a significant role to repair the damage, but may also expand the lesion because of the excessive microglial activation. As a result, microglial activation is considered a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Since microglia polarized into different phenotypes ranging from M1 to M2 display proinflammatory and neuroprotective functions, regulation of the morpho-functional change of microglia became a further way of intervention in ischemic stroke. This review qualitatively analyses drugs for ischemic stroke that were studied by credible research in the recent ten years in terms of experimental methods, applied animal models, and potential signaling pathways, so as to provide clues for future studies on the fine regulation of microglial activation to treat ischemic stroke.

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The virus known as severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 is extremely pathogenic. and has already give rise to worldwide contagious pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 new variations, particularly the Omicron strain, are a major global concern. To reduce the spread of virus, considerable efforts have been made towards the development of effective vaccines and drugs against SRAS-CoV-2. The current available vaccines include inactivated vaccines (Sinopharm and Sinovac), protein-based vaccines (Novavax), DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines (Moderna and Pfizer), viral vector vaccines (Oxford-AstraZeneca). These various vaccinations act in different ways to improve human immunity with their own strengths and drawbacks but both of them could work very effectively to prevent infection. In this review, recently significant progress in the development of COVID-19 vaccination, including vaccine type, efficacy and safety issues, and variant protection are summarized.

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