Volume 19

With the development of network technology, cyber-attacks and cyber wars are likely to become new forms of warfare that endanger world peace. The current international law has difficulties in the definition of national sovereignty, the identification of national responsibility and the exercise of the right of self-defense when cyber-attacks occur. The international community needs to supplement and improve the existing rule system as soon as possible and impose stronger legal constraints on transnational cyber-attacks. Some measures can be taken to solve this problem. Firstly, countries around the world should be promoted to reach a consensus on the legal concept of “cyber sovereignty”. Secondly, the applicable conditions of the current law need to be clarified. That is to say, the national responsibility for cyber-attacks and a clearer interpretation of “threat or use of force” and “armed attack” should be clarified. Meanwhile, the circumstances and methods of exercising the right of self-defense should be clarified when a cyber-attack is encountered. Thirdly, new rules of international law and relevant international soft laws should be created to solved these problems.

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Many heuristics in behavioural economics play important roles in decision-making. The anchoring effect is one of these heuristics which influence people’s decisions in different fields. Through qualitative analysis and case analysis, this paper aims to introduce the applications of the anchoring effect in various situations. And according to the influence of anchoring effect on decision making in online auctions, court, and Marketing, it analyses how the anchoring effect affects people’s decisions and also how to avoid the deviation caused by anchoring effect. The analysis proves that anchoring affects people’s decision-making in different situations to a certain extent, and makes biased decisions without people realizing it. he analysis also shows that biased decisions can be avoided in different ways. There are different ways in which people can gain more perspectives and information in their lives, while thinking about how to create excellent self-generated anchors to help escape the effects of anchoring.

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Pronunciation is an important part of English learning. Vowel pronunciation, in particular, is an obstacle that learners often encounter. Various literature and experiments have suggested that when Chinese students learn English, they often make pronunciation deviations or errors because of the differences between their native vowels and English vowel pronunciation. Therefore, it is of far-reaching significance to study the influence of the position of stress in words on the pronunciation of English vowels. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the position of stress in words on the pronunciation of English vowels, and to apply the results to the acquisition of English pronunciation by Chinese students. Through data and information analysis, a method is expected to be found to improve the quality of English pronunciation acquisition, and provide theoretical and practical support for English teaching. The results of this study show that the stress position in a word has a certain influence on the pronunciation of English vowels, and the pronunciation of vowels in different positions is obviously different, through which practical suggestions for Chinese students' English pronunciation acquisition can be provided, such as more targeted training for different vowel pronunciation.

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Game-based teaching is a proven teaching method, and it has received widespread attention in recent years. However, its promotion and application has not been as successful as it should be. Another major aspect here, in addition to the basic principles and game play that need to be met by game-based teaching itself, is that it is constrained by objective conditions. Based on an analysis of the current constraints on games, this study presents the ideological underpinnings of game-based teaching and proposes some specific game scenarios that are consistent with the principles of game-based teaching. These scenarios are analyzed and the necessity and correctness of implementing game-based teaching in the upper primary English classroom is concluded. The findings of the article show that the integration of games with English language education in the upper primary school is effective. The article also provides an outlook on how games can be integrated with the teaching of English in upper primary schools and looks at future trends.

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The “double reduction” policy has been implemented since 2021 and has been in development for nearly two years. During these two years, many students and parents have undergone changes due to “double reduction”. This article helps more people understand the impact of the “double reduction” policy on primary and secondary school students, as well as their parents, and helps them understand why students and parents feel anxious about this policy. It aims to analyze the anxiety changes of primary and secondary school students, as well as their parents, after experiencing “double reduction”, and the data analyzed are all secondary resources. These second-hand materials are all from academic databases. After analyzing the literature, this article found that after experiencing the “double reduction” policy, the academic pressure of primary school students and the anxiety level of their parents have decreased to a certain extent. For junior high school students, their academic pressure has actually increased. The pressure on parents of junior high school students has also increased with the release of policies. The pressure of parents is reflected in different aspects, such as the future of children and the economy. For these conclusions, the suggestion of this article is that the country can promote policy development from four aspects. These four aspects are the government, schools, parents, and students. The government can collaborate with schools to provide free classes for parents, so that parents can better understand the role of the “double reduction” policy and avoid letting parents’ anxiety affect students’ mood.

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The grading system is a technique that can evaluate students’ performances in school by entirely depending on marks. Unfortunately, it is not the best method to measure students’ work. This paper analyzes this system that utilizes the knowledge from behaviorism and cognitivism in both internal and external aspects. Then we discuss three alternatives, including social practice, narrative feedback, and portfolio grading system. Social practice is a technique to evaluate grades by using knowledge in social experience, including doing research or writing papers. Narrative feedback is a type of comment in which teachers provides descriptive details on students’ performances. The portfolio requires students to write research and paper including self-reflection and assignments that professors provide. Each method benefits in various fields. The work concludes that the combination of alternative and traditional assessment methods to evaluate students’ process of learning is the best. It is important for educators to try different approaches and evaluate their effectiveness in supporting learning and growth.

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During the nineteenth to twenty century males and females have not equal rights to find jobs and attend school. Equality became a hot topic during the nineteenth century. As human gain more knowledge and have more enlightened mind males and females are mainly equal in the legal and moral level. However, males and females still have to face their unequal sides that hide by customs and stereotypes. The chief object of this study is to survey the difference between genders’ opinions towards those two topics on different online platforms. One is male and female received the different treatment during job hunting. Another is the opinions towards women’s behaviors during pregnancy. The method used in the study is known as questionnaire, experiments on mock recruitment, common software surveys and desired pregnancy lifestyles were made to measure this project aim. The authors undertook the experiment to support the hypothesis of in the same type of online platform, males and females have different opinions about the Equality. The authors carried out several studies in questionnaire which have demonstrated that even if man and woman are equal, it’s still not enough to change people’s own minds. All the preliminary results throw light on the nature that even though males and females are essentially equality, but it’s still not strong enough to change the subconsciousness of people.

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It is not often acknowledged that educational research increasingly places unrealistic expectations on teachers, especially teachers of mathematics. This paper explores issues relating to idealism within educational research, especially in terms of how it manifests as potentially unrealistic expectations academics may have of, and place on, classroom teachers. The paper draws on reflections from observing an international panel of mathematics education researchers observing classroom teachers at work. It outlines some of the philosophical complications of observations, especially it’s theory-laden nature, and outlines some potential implications such idealism can have for teachers, and how this may be linked to mathematics culture.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on mental health, highlighting the need for effective approaches to address the psychological distress experienced by individuals. This article explored the potential role of psychoanalysis in supporting individuals' mental well-being during the pandemic. Drawing on insights from previous studies investigating the challenges and future prospects of psychoanalysis, as well as an examination of dream experiences during the pandemic, this article emphasized the importance of integrating experiential and conceptual research to strengthen the scientific foundation of psychoanalysis. It also highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, dialogue among analysts of different orientations, and inclusive publishing practices to enhance the field. The study further underscores the significance of adequate funding for empirical research and the promotion of inclusivity within the field. The article concluded with emphasizing the potential of psychoanalysis in providing a safe space for individuals to explore and process their emotions, understand their experiences, and promote healing and adaptation in the face of challenges after the pandemic. Overall, this article highlights the relevance of psychoanalysis in addressing the mental health repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic and offers valuable insights for mental health professionals and researchers in the field. It also can provide some guidance to the design of family and community intervention programs.

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The previous study showed that borderline personality disorder was strongly associated with childhood trauma and developed personality traits into adolescence that could lead to borderline personality disorder. Research also indicated a cultural difference in the psychopathology and diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in both adults and adolescents. A borderline personality disorder is a type of personality disorder that has symptoms around unstable emotions, dissociation and fear of being abandoned. Although having deviant behaviour was a significant risk factor in detecting borderline personality disorder, it could be less potent in non-western cultures like China and India. Merging cultural differences and the criteria of borderline personality disorder could accurately detect borderline personality disorder in adolescence. It helped people intervene and treat it earlier to slow the progression of borderline personality disorder. This study focused on reviewing previous research on cultural differences, detection, prevention, and intervention in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Cultural differences like different social norms or traditions influence individual identity and interpersonal relationships, which are non-negligible components of the period of adolescence that could induce borderline personality disorder if adolescents have issues with those parts. People need to be aware of the symptoms to intervene in borderline personality disorder in adolescents through multiple treatments with an appropriate plan and management, which should focus on psychotherapy, like dialectic behavioural therapy, supportive psychotherapy, and Mentalization-based therapy.

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